devutilsFrançaisGitHub History chapters
Origins of information — from signs to records
Distinguish language, durable records, numerical notation and coding through early accounting, writing and the changing roles of zero.
Origins of logic — why an inference follows
Compare term reasoning, propositional arguments, medieval developments and Leibniz's symbolic ambitions without treating them as one inevitable route to computers.
Mathematics of computation — procedures, notation and proof
Follow calculation procedures, al-Khwarizmi's transmitted arithmetic, binary representation, Boole's algebra and the distinction between testing and proving a program.
Mechanical computing — carrying, sequencing and designing engines
Compare hand-operated calculators, Jacquard control cards, Babbage's difference and analytical engines, and Lovelace's account of a machine that remained unbuilt.
Birth of computer science — proofs, procedures and limits
Separate Hilbert's foundational ambitions, Gödel's incompleteness, Church and Turing's computability results, and Shannon's circuit analysis.
Information revolution — choice, noise and feedback
Connect Hartley's logarithmic measure, Shannon's probabilistic communication theory, coding limits and Wiener's feedback-centered cybernetics through original worked examples.
Electronic computing — from relays to integrated processors
Separate switching devices, stored-program organization, integrated circuits and microprocessors while following the teams and engineering problems behind them.
Software revolution — languages, operating systems and interaction
Follow symbolic assembly, compiler teams, operating-system services, Unix and graphical interfaces as changes in who manages the machine's details.
Connected world — signals, packets, internets and the Web
Follow telegraph systems, parallel packet-network research, ARPANET, TCP/IP and the Web, then examine why distributed applications must handle delay and uncertainty.
Modern computing — mobility, shared software and specialized machines
Connect mobile integration, open-source communities, GPU computing, AI, semiconductor constraints and quantum algorithms without treating benchmarks or forecasts as universal progress.
These periods are editorial signposts, not a claim of one causal chain. The timeline remains selective.
Documented events
The 1931 publication limits what suitable formal arithmetic theories can prove, rather than declaring all reasoning impossible.
Shannon’s 1937 thesis work and its 1938 paper connected symbolic logic with the analysis and synthesis of relay networks.
The coordinated 1 January 1983 transition replaced NCP on ARPANET; it was a deployment milestone in a longer internetworking history.
On 21 June 1948, Manchester’s experimental machine executed a program held in electronic memory.
In 1948, Shannon framed communication around message selection, channels and noise.
The 1843 account with Lovelace’s notes describes computations for Babbage’s unbuilt complete Analytical Engine.
The 2012 paper by Krizhevsky, Sutskever and Hinton documents a specific image-classification system and its evaluation.
The 1957 paper, manuals and release correspondence document a compiler team’s implementation, beyond the earlier proposal.